New plant growth regulators

September 01, 2003

VM Chekurov, SI Sergeeva, LD ZHALIEVA, VE KOZLOV, VV Vakulenko

As a result of selection aimed at increasing the productivity of plants have been established genotypes with high activity of the genes responsible for increasing yields, oilseeds, sugar, etc., but with reduced activity of genes responsible for resistance to pas toga we and extreme environmental factors.

The scientific literature describes cases where such Weak (dormant) genes are activated by various environmental influences (Taliansky, 2002; Chekurov et al, 1992) or biologically active substances (BAS) (Chekurov et al, 1992; Sergeeva, 1985). At the high viability of wild species, probably determined by the heightened activity of genes responsible for synthesis of biologically active substances. In particular, plant conifers that grow in extreme conditions, obviously, to generate biologically active substances in quantities that provide them with high viability. It is known that biologically active substances from coniferous trees contain triterpene acids, phenols, flavonoids and other compounds. They can play a role fitoaleksinov (phytoncids a special class of higher plants), acting as a biogenic elicitor - a substance capable of inducing a protective reaction of plants (Metlitsky et al, 1985; Ozeretskovskaya, 1994). Question of the possibility of using biogenic and abiogenic elicitor to enhance the immunity of plants have long debated (D'yakov, 1983, Mansfield et al, 1985). However, his study was limited to fairly narrow range used for these purposes without recourse to drugs of natural compounds extracted from plants of wild species.

We have conducted search and study of new sources of biologically active substances to enhance immunity and stress resistance of plants.

Institute of Cytology and Genetics, in conjunction with the Institute of Organic Chemistry, on the basis of substances from the needles of a fir-tree was created biologically active preparation NOVOSIL. Its active substance is a natural complex of triterpene acids with the general formula C30 H46-48 O4.

Conducted in spring wheat Saratovskaya 29 and Novosibirsk 89 trials showed that after treatment of seeds Novosil (100 g / l) at a dose of 50 ml / m increase plant resistance to root rot, tillering (see table). significantly reduces mold attack plants powdery mildew and septariose. In seedlings NOVOSIL increased the length of the coleoptile to 17-20%, the roots - by 20-25%. In adult plants growing in keramzit in greenhouses, the length of roots increased depending on the grade of 25-41% (Sergeeva et al, 1997). Such action Novosil on power plants, beginning with the earliest stages of germination of seeds, is one of the reasons for increasing their stability and productivity.

Treatment of vegetating plants Novosil in the phase of tillering and early heading stage was successful in reducing infestation of powdery mildew and septariose by 20-25%.

In Altai Krai and Novosibirsk Oblast in drought conditions in 1998 use of this drug increased the yield of spring wheat from 7-9 to 12-16 kg / ha, indicating that its anti-stress activity and increased drought resistance of plants. Yield increase provided the increase in tillering, the number of grains in the ear and weight of 1000 grains.

In winter wheat Yugtchna in the Krasnodar Territory biological effectiveness of pre-treatment of seeds Novosil (50 and 100 ml / m at the rate of working solution 10 l / t) in the fight against Fusariose-gelmintosporioznymi rots was 50 and 51.8%. It was received by a significant increase in the yield on 3,5-3,7 kg / ha.

Treatment vegetative winter wheat plants Novosil hampered the development of powdery mildew and leaf spot and increases the yield of 4,5 t / ha. Biological efficacy against powdery mildew was 40,5-42,8%, septariose - 50-51, peronosporosis - 38,6%. However, against the brown and yellow rust effectiveness of the drug was negligible.

Further investigation Call poured allocate 20 new drugs not only from the needles of fir, and larch, pine, spruce. Greatest activity had RastStim of fir, biostim (in Russia, the drug is not registered) and srezar of larch. All of them are in the other silt increases the resistance of wheat to various diseases, but this effect depended on the variety.

In the Krasnodar Territory raststim drug tested in 1998-2000 on an artificial background contamination smut. Greatest efficiency is awarded at a rate of 100 ml / g (50,4-53,9%) and 200 ml / m (47,3-79,4%), efficiency vintsita (standard) - 87,6% (failure in the control 28,2%). The development of root rot raststim reduced by 72%, wine each - on 76,7%. Raststim was more effective than NOVOSIL against smut (60%) and root rot (32%) in the processing of seeds of winter wheat varieties Ophelia in 1999

Treatment in the early flowering of winter wheat varieties victory lariksinom, biostimom and srezarom was highly effective against the brown and yellow rust. Lariksin suppressed their development at 86 and 92%. Against a complex disease (septariose, brown and yellow rust) is best acted RastStim, its effectiveness against septariose was 61%, against rust - respectively 80 and 83%. Yields on all three variants of the experiment correlated with the level of suppression of disease and significantly higher than control at 3,5-5,3 kg / ha.

In Novosibirsk, treatment of seeds of spring wheat lariksinom, biostimom srezarom and led to the appearance (or increase) in the stems and leaves a waxy coating leaves different dark green, indicating the development of a greater amount of chlorophyll (15-20% compared with the control) . Also increased tillering (10-25%), weight of 1000 grains (28%), number of grains in the ear and on the plant, grain yield (25-30%). Processing plants with these drugs in the tillering stage and the beginning of earing has markedly (30-50%) to reduce the infestation of powdery mildew, septariose, gelmintosyaoriozom, and variants with high concentrations observed only a few symptoms of damage. In all variants of experiments to increase the productivity of wheat. In those versions, where in addition to seed treatment was carried out spraying of vegetating plants in the tillering stage and the beginning of earing, increase in the yield reached 45-50% relative to control. Most effective and showed biostim srezar. They provided additional yield varieties Karagandinka 70 at 36-45%, Novosib Skye 89 - 43-50%, which is higher than the standard (NOVOSIL), 15-20%.

Production experiments showed results similar to melkodelyanochnymi. Example, in 2002. In the Stavropol Territory the greatest increase of a crop of winter wheat varieties Kingfisher has application srezara (6.5 t / ha), lariksin (5.4 t / ha) and raststima (4.5 t / ha). Maximum gain in processing Novosil was 2,8 t / ha.

In the spring of 2002 in Novosibirsk was founded on the experience of studying a series of additional preparations from various parts of conifers. Agro-climatic conditions of the season contributed to the strong development of root rot and the mass death of seedlings of wheat in the experimental fields. Treatment of seeds drugs from wood and bark of conifers provide a greater number of seedlings (at 17-24%), and spraying of vegetation - the number of survivors at the time of earing plants (at 22-43%). Reliably increased and their productivity.

It should be noted that the studied drugs differed as to the universality, and by specificity. Novosil has a certain specificity, was quite effective against powdery mildew, septariose, NCLB, but little opposition to rust, smut and some other infections. An increased sensitivity of individual varieties to the action Novosil on plant productivity. Raststim, lariksin and srezar were more universal and reduced the development of a number of wheat diseases including rust, smut root rot. These drugs are, biotic elicitor, in low concentrations act on the immune sitsemu plants, causing in some cases, prolonged nonspecific systemic stability.

Further study of biologically active substances of natural origin to other agricultural plants, as well as the study of mechanisms of action may allow a fresh look at the problem of immunity of plants.

Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Krasnodar Research Institute of Agriculture behalf PP Lukyanenko, ching

Source: Journal of the protection and quarantine of plants »№ 9